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Psychometric properties of the Hungarian adaptation of the Sport Motivation

motivation
Current research on sport motivation mostly focuses on the Self-Determination Theory, which has brought a qualitatively novel approach in the field by making a distinction between six types of motivation. The present study tested the reliability and validity of the Hungarian adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II) with a large sample of athletes. The assessment of the psychometric properties focused on the factor structure, construct validity and convergent validity of the Hungarian version. The sample included 1197 Hungarian athletes aged 11 to 67 years, who engaged in more than 50 different sports. The test battery comprised the Hungarian adaptations of the SMS-II, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS-H), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2), and the Flow State Questionnaire (PPL-FSQ). Considering that each subscale of the SMS-II consists of only three items, all subscales showed acceptable internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the original sixfactor model showed the best fit with the data. All fit indices obtained for this model fell within the acceptable range. The examination of construct validity revealed the expected simplex pattern of the subscales, while the associations between the SMS-II and the measures used to test convergent validity were consistent with those obtained in previous studies. The Hungarian version of the SMS-II provides a reliable and valid measure of sport motivation based on the Self-Determination Theory. The only inconsistency between the observed data and the theoretical model was that intrinsic motivation did not show a closer association with integrated regulation than with identified regulation, which finding is probably related to the contents of the involved subscales. A possible future direction of construct validity analysis and improvement may be focused on content refinement. Specifically, the construct validity of the Hungarian SMS-II could possibly be improved by completing the items assessing intrinsic motivation with references to the positive experience directly related to the activity itself.
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A comparative analysis of national Olympic swimming team members’ and para-swimming team members’ psychological profiles

uszoda
Being an elite Para-athlete requires coping with unique challenges beyond those posed by performance improvement. In the current study, we aimed to reveal possible differences in various psychological profiles between elite Para-swimmers (n = 18) and able-bodied swimmers (n = 35) competing at Olympic level to identify the yet unknown psychological drawbacks of being a disabled elite swimmer. An additional aim was to explore possible gender differences and differences between successful and less successful swimmers too. Using several measurements, we assessed 10 sports-related psychological constructs: cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, somatic anxiety, coping with adversity, peaking under pressure, goal setting/mental preparation, concentration, freedom from worry, self-confidence/achievement motivation, and coachability. Able-bodied swimmers scored lower on somatic anxiety and higher on self-confidence, freedom from worry, and self-confidence/achievement motivation than Paralympics swimmers. When the tests were repeated separately for men and women, the results remained unchanged for women, whereas able-bodied male athletes only scored significantly higher than male Para-swimmers on self-confidence and freedom from worry. Furthermore, medal winning athletes, in the overall sample exhibited less cognitive and somatic anxiety than those ranking fourth or lower at the Olympic Games. Para-swimmers with different levels of disability did not differ from each other in any of the measures. The findings show that Para-swimmers experience psychological disadvantages in contrast to able-bodied swimmers that should be addressed in their training regimen.
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Age-related differences in motivational climate and extrinsic-intrinsic motivational factors among members of the Hungarian national wrestling teams

birkozas
In sport psychology, research regarding athletes’ motivation and perceived motivational climate is becoming more and more popular. The major aim of the present study was to investigate whether sport motivation and the perceived motivational climate of the members of the Hungarian national wrestling team varried depending on the age-group of the wrestlers. Our results indicated that Amotivation presented a descending pattern with age, the youngest players (10-19 years old) attaining highest levels of Amotivation, while the 19-25 years-old agegroup the lowest. Although Amotivation increased somewhat in the 25-28 years old age group, this increase was not significant. Regarding the use of external regulation factors, our findings showed that the youngest age group (10-19 years old) relied significantly more on these mechanisms. Consequently, our findings suggest that the youngest wrestlers are more prone to lose their motivation and rely on extrinsic regulation factors in order to be motivated. These aspects have practical importance as a supportive attitude shown by coaches may meet athletes’ basic psychological needs specific for their age, thus increasing their motivation for preparation and competition.
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Sport motivation and perceived motivational climate among members of a national para-swimming team

parauszas
Swimming is one of the most popular sport domains due to its beneficial physiological effects in both typical and disabled individuals. However, although they are just as successful as their non-disabled counterparts, little is known about what motivates disabled swimmers. This study aimed to reveal the sport motivation and perceived motivational climate of these swimmers in comparison with similar data obtained from non-disabled swimmers. The sample included 18 members of the Hungarian national para-swimming team (Mage = 26.33 years, SD = 10.81), admitted to the 2016 IPC Swimming European Open Championships in Funchal, Portugal. Findings showed that athletes scored high on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, while also reporting a more task-oriented climate compared to the Hungarian average. Compared to men, women reported having environmental support for effort/ improvement to a higher degree, while men scored higher for intra-team member rivalry. Importantly, compared to their non-disabled counterparts, disabled swimmers reported higher levels of motivation and scored higher on perception of an ego-oriented climate. Taken together, our findings confirm the assumption that disabled and non-disabled athletes show more similarities than differences, but also point out the importance of research on the structure of highly successful athletes’ motivations, which can provide unique insights regarding their potential.
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An exploratory analysis of recreational and competitive athletes’ superstitious habits

babona
The sport’s rituals are an integral part of athletes’ life, and they may largely contribute to their coping with uncertainty and regaining control over competition. This study explored the popularity, perceived effectiveness and characteristic types of sports superstitions among 383 recreational and competitive athletes. Furthermore, the study revealed factors underlying the characteristics of superstitious habits. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that 55.1% of the athletes had at least one superstition, among which pre-match rituals proved the most popular. Nearly 70% of superstitious athletes reported the belief that their rituals had an influence on their performance. The mean perceived effectiveness of rituals was 3.21 on a 5-point scale. The number of superstitions was found to be positively related to the level of athletic activity, to the importance of success and to the athletes’ subjective sense of achievement. Furthermore, the type of the pursued sport also influenced the number of superstitions: among the five sports included in the analysis, the smallest number of rituals was reported by athletes pursuing racket sports, while the highest frequency was shown by handball players.
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